Introduction
The increasing sophistication of offshore investment structures has brought with it complex regulatory considerations when restructuring involves Indian assets or entities. Foreign investors utilizing offshore funds to invest in Indian markets must navigate a intricate web of foreign exchange regulations, corporate law requirements, and sector-specific approvals. This article examines the critical compliance aspects that arise during offshore fund restructuring transactions involving Indian investments.
Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) Implications
Offshore Share Transfers vs. Downstream Investment Rules
Under the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, and the Foreign Exchange Management (Non-Debt Instruments) Rules, 2019, purely offshore transfers between non-resident entities typically fall outside direct Indian regulatory purview. However, the downstream investment provisions under Rule 23 of the NDI Rules create significant compliance obligations where such transfers impact the classification of Indian subsidiaries as Foreign Owned or Controlled Companies (FOCCs).
When offshore restructuring triggers FOCC status changes, mandatory Form DI filings with the Reserve Bank of India and intimation to the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade must be completed within thirty days. This post-facto reporting requirement, while not requiring prior approval, carries strict compliance timelines with potential penalties for delays.
Press Note 3 (2020) Considerations
A critical trap for offshore restructuring involves incoming investors from countries sharing land borders with India. Press Note 3 of 2020 mandates government approval for any investment, direct or indirect, by entities from such jurisdictions, even for purely offshore transactions. This requirement extends to beneficial ownership analysis, making thorough due diligence on investor backgrounds essential before transaction completion.
Corporate Law and Beneficial Ownership Disclosure
Section 90 and SBO Rules Compliance
The Companies Act, 2013, particularly Section 90 read with the Companies (Significant Beneficial Ownership) Rules, 2018, creates extensive disclosure obligations for Indian entities. The definition of “significant beneficial owner” under Rule 2(h) captures individuals holding indirect stakes through various structures, including pooled investment vehicles.
Notably, the SBO Rules specifically identify investment managers and general partners of pooled investment vehicles as potentially reportable beneficial owners, regardless of their direct shareholding. This provision requires careful consideration when restructuring involves changes in fund management or control structures.
Indian reporting companies must proactively identify beneficial ownership changes and ensure Form BEN-1 filings within thirty days. The rules mandate notices to members holding ten percent or more stakes, creating cascading disclosure obligations throughout complex holding structures.
Sectoral Regulatory Approvals
Industry-Specific Considerations
Offshore restructuring becomes significantly more complex when Indian portfolio companies operate in regulated sectors. Financial services entities require Reserve Bank of India approvals, telecommunications companies need Department of Telecommunications clearances, and infrastructure projects may require multiple sectoral permissions.
The concept of “change of control” varies across sectors but generally triggers when ownership or voting control exceeds fifty percent thresholds.
Competition Law Thresholds
The Competition Act, 2002, applies combination thresholds based on asset values and turnover metrics. Transactions crossing these thresholds require Competition Commission of India pre-merger notification.
Tax Implications and Anti-Avoidance Measures
Indirect Transfer Provisions
Section 9(1)(i) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, particularly Explanation 5 introduced by the Finance Act, 2012, subjects offshore share transfers to Indian capital gains taxation where underlying Indian assets comprise substantial value (exceeding fifty percent) and fair market values exceed ₹10 crores.
The interaction between indirect transfer provisions and tax treaty benefits requires careful analysis, as the introduction of General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR) and Limitation of Benefits provisions demands substantive economic presence and beneficial ownership analysis.
Contractual and Commercial Considerations
Joint Venture and Shareholders’ Agreement Compliance
Beyond statutory requirements, offshore restructuring frequently triggers contractual approval mechanisms. Joint venture agreements, shareholders’ agreements, and financing documents commonly contain change of control provisions requiring counterparty consents or offering rights of first refusal.
Investment management agreements may define manager changes as key-person events or material adverse changes, potentially affecting fund operations or investor rights. Comprehensive contract review prior to restructuring would prevent inadvertent breaches and operational disruptions.
Conclusion
Offshore fund restructuring involving Indian assets demands a comprehensive understanding of interconnected regulatory requirements spanning foreign exchange law, corporate governance, sector-specific regulations, and taxation. The evolving regulatory landscape, particularly regarding beneficial ownership disclosure and anti-avoidance measures, requires proactive legal planning and coordinated compliance strategies.
Legal practitioners and fund managers must appreciate that offshore transactions can trigger substantial Indian regulatory obligations through downstream investment rules, indirect transfer taxation, and beneficial ownership reporting requirements. Early identification of applicable requirements and systematic compliance planning remain essential for successful restructuring transactions while maintaining regulatory integrity and operational continuity.
– Ankita Mishra, Associate, Solomon & Co.
About Solomon & Co.
Solomon & Co. (Advocates & Solicitors) was founded in 1909 and is amongst India’s oldest law-firms. The Firm is a full-service firm that provides legal service to Indian and international companies and high net-worth individuals on all aspects of Indian law.
“Disclaimer”
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